Cell-Free Circulating Mitochondrial DNA: A Potential Blood-Based Marker for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common, progressive tachyarrhythmia is associated with serious complications, such as stroke and heart failure. Early recognition of AF, essential to prevent disease progression and therapy failure, is hampered by the lack of accurate diagnostic serum biomarkers to identify the AF stage. As we previously showed mitochondrial dysfunction to drive experimental and human AF, we evaluated whether cell–free circulating mitochondrial DNA (cfc-mtDNA) represents a potential serum marker.

Therefore, the levels of two mtDNA genes, COX3 and ND1, were measured in 84 control patients (C), 59 patients undergoing cardiac surgery without a history of AF (SR), 100 paroxysmal (PAF), 116 persistent (PeAF), and 20 longstanding-persistent (LS-PeAF) AF patients undergoing either cardiac surgery or AF treatment (electrical cardioversion or pulmonary vein isolation).

YLKKIKNSL, P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CSP 334-342) polypeptide
CSPF15-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Mouse p/CIP/p300 Control/blocking peptide # 1
CIP11-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 164

Mouse p/CIP/p300 Control/blocking peptide # 2
CIP12-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 164

LEYYLREKAKMAGTLIIPES, P. vivax PvMSP-1 peptide 19 (378-397)
MSPV11-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 164

SKDQIKKLTSLKNKLERRQN, P. vivax PvMSP-1 peptide 53 (1058-1077)
MSPV12-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 164

NFVGKFLELQIPGHTDLLHL, P. vivax PvMSP-1 peptide 4 (78-97)
MSPV13-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 164

FNQLMHVINFHYDLLRANVH, P. vivax PvMSP-1 peptide 6 (118-137)
MSPV14-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 164

LDMLKKVVLGLWKPLDNIKD, P. vivax PvMSP-1 peptide 8 (158-177)
MSPV15-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 164

Human Substance P Peptide (amide salt)
SP15-P-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 164

Human Substance P Peptide (amide salt)
SP15-P-25	Alpha Diagnostics	25 mg	EUR 529

Human Substance P Peptide (amide salt)
SP15-P-5	Alpha Diagnostics	5 mg	EUR 286

KIYNRNIVNRLLGD, P-yoelii circumsporozoite protein (57?70), PyCSP (57?70) peptide
CSPY11-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

SYVPSAEQI, P-yoelii circumsporozoite protein (280?288), PyCSP (280?288) peptide
CSPY12-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

DELFNELLNSVDVNGENILEESQ, P. falciparum Liver-Stage Antigen 3-NRI (LSA3-NRI) peptide
LSPF32-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

VTHESYQELVKKLEALEDAV, MSP-1 P1, peptide of P. falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1
MSPF11-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 225

GYRKPLDNIKDNVGKMEDYIKK, MSP-1 P2, peptide of P. falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1
MSPF12-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 225

KLNSLNNPHNVLQNFSVFFNK, MSP-1 P3, peptide of P. falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1
MSPF131-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 225

LEESQVNDDIFNSLVKSVQQEQQHNV, P. falciparum Liver-Stage Antigen 3-NRII, LSA3-NRII (81-106) peptide
LSPF31-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Flg22 peptide (30-51 aa, Flic, P. aeruginosa), pure
FLG22-P-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Flg22 peptide (30-51 aa, Flic, P. aeruginosa), pure
FLG22-P-5	Alpha Diagnostics	5 mg	EUR 651

(DRADGQPAG) 3 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein, CSP), pure
DRAD31-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 408

(PPPPNPPND)3 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. berghei circumsporozoite protein, CSP), pure
PPPP312-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 408

(PAPPNAAND)3 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. berghei circumsporozoite protein, CSP), pure
PAPP311-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 408

Mouse beta-Defensin 1 full length (37 aa, oxidized) peptide; note replaces MBD12-P
MBD14-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 286

(DRAAGQPAG)3 (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein, CSP) control/blocking peptide
DRAA31-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 164

Simian virus 5 (starin W3) P/V Control/blocking peptide
AB-23077-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100ug	EUR 164

(NANP)5 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, CSP) control/blocking peptide
NANP51-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 347

(PPPPNAND)3 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. berghei circumsporozoite protein, CSP) control/blocking peptide
PPPP321-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 164

P
EF017937	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	EUR 689

P
EF017938	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	EUR 689

p
EF018011	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	EUR 689

P
EF007031	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	EUR 689

(NVDP)4 peptide (minor repeat-sequence peptide of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, CSP) control/blocking peptide
NVDP41-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 164

(NANP)10 (40-aa NANP repeat-sequence peptide of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, CSP) peptide, pure
NANP101-P	Alpha Diagnostics	0.5 mg	EUR 529

Mouse beta-Defensin 3 full length synthetic peptide (40 aa, oxidized, 3 disulfides); note: replaces MBD32-P:
MBD34-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 286

Mouse beta-Defensin 3 full length synthetic peptide (40 aa, linear, no disulfides); note: replaces MBD33-P
MBD35-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 286

Flg15 peptide (deletion peptide 30-44 aa, Flic, P. aeruginosa) control,pure
FLG15-P-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Flg15 peptide (deletion peptide 30-44 aa, Flic, P. aeruginosa) control,pure
FLG15-P-5	Alpha Diagnostics	5 mg	EUR 651

Human beta-Defensin 1 (BD-1/hBD-1) full length (36 aa, oxidized) synthetic peptide; note: replaces HBD13-P
HBD16-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 286

Human beta-Defensin 2 (BD-2/hBD-2) full length synthetic peptide (41 aa, linear, no-disulfides); note: replaces HBD22-P.
HBD24-P	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 286

Rinder Pest NP (RPR-NP) peptide 456-490 aa, >90% pure (specific for rinder pest NP protein and corresponding for PPR16-P)
RPR18-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Phaseolus vulgaris lectin P (PHA-P
05-0115-10	Medicago	10 mg	EUR 144

Phaseolus vulgaris lectin P (PHA-P
05-0115-1000	Medicago	1 g	Ask for price

Phaseolus vulgaris lectin P (PHA-P
05-0115-5	Medicago	5 mg	EUR 100

Peste des petits ruminants NP (PPR-NP) peptide 421-455 aa, >90% pure (specific for PPR protein) (corresponding rinder pest peptide #RPR17-P)
PPR15-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Peste des petits ruminants NP (PPR-NP) peptide 456-490 aa, >90% pure (specific for PPR protein) (corresponding rinder pest peptide #RPR18-P)
PPR16-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Rinder Pest NP (RPR-NP) peptide 421-455 aa, >90% pure (specific for rinder pest NP protein and corresponding peptide for PPR15-P)
RPR17-P	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 286

Substance P
B6620-1	ApexBio	1 mg	EUR 139

Substance P
B6620-10	ApexBio	10 mg	EUR 383

Substance P
B6620-25	ApexBio	25 mg	EUR 801

Cfc-mtDNA levels were significantly increased in PAF patients undergoing AF treatment, especially in males and patients with AF recurrence after AF treatment. In PeAF and LS-PeAF, cfc-mtDNA levels gradually decreased. Importantly, cfc-mtDNA in serum may originate from cardiomyocytes, as in vitro tachypaced cardiomyocytes release mtDNA in the medium.

The findings suggest that cfc-mtDNA is associated with AF stage, especially in males, and with patients at risk for AF recurrence after treatment.